The plots thicken

Here are some 2D and 3D plots of our first production propeller design.

Though we have allowed room on the cart for a 20ft prop, this one is a 16ft. The windsurfing masts that we are using for spars allow for a very clean and simple 16 footer without needing any extensions at the root so we're going the easy route first round.

It's likely that we'll build more than just this first one. We'll put this one on the test stand and dyno, document it's actual performance curves, compare them to the theoretical and decide whether it deserves an actual test on the cart.

If we're careful enough during construction we might just pull it off with one, but as we've never built a prop of this size before, we're learning as we go. Both construction wise and performance wise we'll use what we learn on this one to improve round 2 if needed.

Religious symbols

Well, it's one thing to design a propeller -- it's another thing entirely to figure out how to get the design templates to print out properly and to scale.

We finally imported the points into my CAD program as survey data and faked it into drawing a line between all the points as if it were drawing contour lines on a topo map. Four hours (and countless sheets of 11 x 17 paper later) we finally figured out how to get it all scaling and printing.

We ran out a couple samples, glued them to our template material and whacked away on them to see what we thought. I think we'll be pretty happy once we get them sanded perfectly.

The tabs you see on the templates will sit on blocks located on our build table to get the alignment and twist correct.

The final product looks a bit like those Jesus fish with legs that you see on bumpers occasionally. Perhaps we'll be blessed.

A table for 2x

We've spent the last couple weeks working on our prop design. Rick's got a good handle on that now and we are close to starting construction on the template/ribs/etc. We'll post up some of the airfoil and performance plots in a bit.

Today we spent the day making up our build table. It has to be very straight and square so we can put our reference lines on it and also bolt guides to it etc.

Rick came up with a slick little set of adjustable braces that allow us to take any twist out of the table and still let us fold it up and put it against the wall when we aren't using it.

Here is Rick putting the last screws in the piano hinges before we put the legs on and turn the table over.

Table on it's feet for the first time.

A close up of the little adjustment bracket that I milled slots in. Loosen the wing nuts and slide the triangles relative to each other and the top twists/untwists.

Turns out we didn't need that.

As previously mentioned, we weren't exactly sure how the torsional stiffness of the chassis would be affected once we got the front steering assembly welded and installed. We suspected we could remove the front former altogether.

Once it was all bolted in we did a torsional load test, removed the front former and repeated the test. There was no difference between the two tests. The welded front assembly provides enough torsional rigidity that the front former is uneeded. Out with it.

Point us in the right direction and turn us loose

Rick and Steve spend Saturday running Java Prop sims on different prop sizes, planforms and airfoils. They're looking for the right balance of RPM and efficiencies that will give us the best transmission/prop combo and also have an airfoil sized right to accept our windsurfing masts as spars.

I spent the day welding and mounting up the steering fork for the front wheel.

The (almost) finished product. I haven't mounted the tabs for the wheel hub because I want to wait until we actually get the hub in our hands. I like to do things only once when possible.

Once we mount up the hub/wheel/tire, we'll decide whether we steer directly with our feet or with a linkage back to a stick.

Having a busy week at work so there's not much evening activity going on cart wise. We did spend a couple hours last night adding the composites to the center chassis former.

It was going to be a bit of a pain in the ass to use the carbon tow in this short space so we grabbed a few yard of unidirectional carbon fabric and wrapped with that. We again finished over that with one layer of 5.8oz glass to protect the brittle carbon.

Next up ... I'm going to weld up and install the front steering mechanism and wheel support. On it's own this will add some stiffness to the front portion of the chassis and after it's installation we will determine if the front former is just stiff enough, or needs composite layers added, or can be removed completely.

We build a set of crude headstocks so we could wrap the prop pylons by spinning them. It was a ton easier this way rather than looping the spool around and around like we were forced to do on the chassis itself.

Here's Rick starting the windings.

100 layers of carbon tow on each pylon and a layer of 5.8oz glass later:


Before the wraps we did a torsion test and recorded the results. Once this cures I'll publish the pics showing the before and after tests. Hopefully we added a good bit of stiffness.

We received the 'correct' steering bearings today.

Cheap Chinese bearings are easy on the wallet but sure can be a pain in the a** sometimes. These are supposed to be for a 3/4" shaft, but as you can see the .738 ID is going to require me to do a bit of material removal.

Oh well, 5 minutes work with the grinder and we'll have a .737 steering shaft. :-)

Tested the sample of Qpower line that we received. Stretch and strength as advertised and as expected. So far the stretch characteristics of Kevlar, Spectra/Dyneema and Vectran have all be similar - well under 1% under our proposed loads.

This product has a thin woven sheath and I feared that this would add a bit of 'squishy' to the end result. I was pleased to find that under load, I could do the usual gentle caliper measurement and then squeeze very hard and only get a .001 or .002 difference. Pretty happy with that as the sheath will up our durability - though it does add another layer on the reel due to the diameter increase.

I'm pretty sure that this line will be the line that we use to test the spool transmission for suitability.

The students had a presentation due today relating to the project. I dropped in to catch it in person and on video.

After their 15 minute presentation, they were grilled by other students and the Professor regarding various aspects of the project.

There was a bit of stage fright going on and I can certainly relate.

The bearings arrived for the front steering mechanism. I was waiting for these before welding up the front steering fork and mounting brackets.

I ordered the right bearings and this was reflected on the packing slip --- but they sent the wrong ones. These things happen.

Should have the replacements in by Friday.

Holloween Workothon

A few thousand wraps of carbon tow, a bit of of glass fabric on the bias and a quart or so of epoxy resin later ...

Holloween Workothon

Foam on and ready for carbon/glass wrap.

Holloween Workothon

I worked on cutting and tacking up the parts for the front forks and steering mechanism. The bearings should arrive today so I'm going to wait for them before welding up everything for good. Check twice, weld once as they say.

Holloween Workothon

Dat and Aung worked on cutting, sanding and fitting up the foam to the chassis pieces.

Holloween Workothon

With our layup plan now in place, some of the gang showed up Saturday morning to help with the chores.

Chris helps Rick disassemble the frame in prep for lamination...

... and ends up at the whiteboard talking transmission theory (or some other brainteaser ...with Rick you never know).

It was testing time for the chassis beam samples that we laminated a few days ago.

First the bare control sample: it weighs 4.5lbs and ~9 degrees of twist. That's a 30lb weight out 24" on the arm.


Next the fiberglass sample: 5.5lbs and ~4 degrees of twist

Finally the fiberglass/carbon combo: 5.7lbs and ~2 degrees twist.

So, it's settled ... will will use the fiberglass and carbon combo. 5.8oz cloth and 70 layers of 12k carbon tow wrapped diagonally.

.

For those of you wondering why we're using the labor intensive tow rather than using carbon fabric, it is mostly because we *have* the tow already -- we paid $60 for 16,000ft of it as potential tranmission line, but it failed for that purpose. Rather than spend near $500 for carbon fabric we will do a little hand wrap work and save both money and weight.

Going in for the easy layup

Aung, Dat, Sheetal and I were up till around midnight last night laying up the torsional test samples. It was quite an adventure as we had to MacGyver a hot wire rig together. Since we have quite a bit of foam cutting ahead, today we'll work on putting together a better wire setup. Aung and I cut this foam by pulling on a wire between us while Dat bravely held the wire to the terminals of an RC starter battery.

The one on the right has just one layer of 3.7oz glass and the one on the left has about 20 diagonal wraps of carbon tow under the same layer of glass. The control is in the center.

Saturday morning they will be cured and we'll test against the control. I'm betting there won't be a dramatic difference between the two and that neither will be stiff enough without another layer. But then, what the heck do I know?